Carabao may be key to biofuel says scientist
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Bioethanol is a light alcohol produced by fermenting sugarcane, corn, cassava and nipa. It is one of the types of biofuel mandated for mixture with diesel and gasoline under the Biofuels Act.
The theoretical basis for this, which Abenes discussed in a lecture at the Institute of Graduate Studies at the Central Luzon State University here, was validated by experiments conducted at the Philippine Carabao Center (PCC).
Abenes, who obtained his doctoral degree in animal science at the University of Connecticut in 1975, worked for many years as regional swine specialist in Alberta, Canada, and at the Dairy Training and Research Institute of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations before moving to CalPoly Pomona University.
He retired at 55 years old in that university in 2005 and is now engaged in various private enterprises in the United States.
Abenes graduated with the degree of agricultural education, cum laude, from the CLSU in 1969. He was among the first Filipinos staying abroad who responded to the government
Inquirer before returning to the States on Jan. 18.
In his lecture at the CLSU, Abenes said the carabao is a model for a way to convert lignocellulose to ethanol. Lignocellulose is the most common molecule on earth and is found in all plants.
Converting this molecule to alcohol using purified enzymes, chemical and physical hydrolysis (or chemical breakdown) is too expensive under Philippine conditions, Abenes said.
Abenes said the feasibility of the method, as suggested by the carabao paradigm, has been validated in experiments conducted by the PCC.
He said the rumen fluid can turn lignocellulose into fermentable carbohydrates and the fermentable carbohydrates can be turned into alcohol using common yeast.
Abenes, who conducted the experiment with PCC scientist Perla Florendo, said because of the promising results of the experiment they submitted a paper to a national science and technology contest in energy research and development.
Abenes said.
He said preliminary calculations based on theoretical models have indicated that as much as 117 liters of alcohol can be distilled from 1,000 kg of biomass materials.
Given the natural abundance of biomass, the use of 85 percent ethanol for flexible fuel vehicles (FFV) may be possible, he said.
There is now a technology for the conversion of vehicles using engine fuel to FFV at an affordable cost, he said.
The mandated minimum 1 percent biodiesel blend and 5 percent bioethanol blend in all diesel and gasoline fuels have become controversial of late because of the statement of Nobel Prize winner in chemistry, Dr. Hartmut Michel.
Michel said investment in biofuel development is
She said biofuel production, being land-based, will eventually compete with food.
In his talk here, Abenes said the carabao model for production of ethanol could be an alternative as it uses rice straw and other biomass.
He said the experience of Brazil, the oft-cited model for a thriving ethanol industry, cannot be replicated in this country.
Brazil, he said, has a vast tract of land for sugarcane production. There are less than 25 persons per square kilometer of land in Brazil compared to the Philippines
Abenes said the commercial production of ethanol using the carabao model can involve residents of rural areas. They can be part of the factory assembly line by performing the tasks involved in the digestion process (in bioreactor containers) of the biomass material with the use of the rumen fluid that will be supplied to them.
The alcohol from the
Of course good, a meal Xijiaomanyan chewing food can be not only very preliminary broken reduce the stomach to digest the physical burden, but also to the mouth of the salivary amylase on food for the first time the chemical digestion, these are beneficial gastrointestinal Absorption will not lead to a burden of gastrointestinal problems, such as indigestion, and eating too easy to gain weight also, of course, eat Xijiaomanyan not necessarily too many times, generally around 20 should be enough, and too many times a waste of time
Used in food, that is to say, to be careful chewing slowly pharynx, it easier to digest.
That is to say, by learning, and learning is to ponder seriously understand it, should not indulge in some Cypriots to death in the brain knowledge, do not understand, a more Cypriots are useless.
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Good meal Xijiaomanyan chewing food can be broken very preliminary physical gastric digestion reduce the burden of the mouth of saliva can amylase food for the first time on the chemical digestion, these are beneficial gastrointestinal absorption, the burden will lead to gastrointestinal problems, such as indigestion, and eating too easy to gain weight also, of course, eat Xijiaomanyan not necessarily too many times, generally around 20 should be enough, and the number of wasted too much time
Used in food, that is to say, to be careful chewing slowly pharynx, it easier to digest.
That is to say, by learning, and learning is to ponder seriously understand it, should not indulge in some Cypriots to death in the brain knowledge, do not understand, a more Cypriots are useless.
I agree with
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Related: Carabao may be key to biofuel says scientist
Additional information:
From newsinfo.inquirer.net:
Because chemical digestion in the small intestine depends on activities of the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder, we first consider the activities.
What chemical digestion occurs in the mouth The first stage of digestion begins in your mouth. Chewing produces saliva, saliva contains enzymes.
The complex molecules of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are transformed by chemical digestion into smaller molecules that can be absorbed.
Crude fiber is determined gravimetrically after chemical digestion and. solubilization of other materials present. The fiber residue.
3. mechanical digestion. 4. chemical digestion. 5. absorbtion. 6. defecation. 2. chemical digestion. 1. pepsinogen to pepsin in acid environment.
Mechanical digestion breaks up food into smaller pieces with more surface area. This allows chemical digestion to take place more easily.
Digestive enzymes secreted by the gastric glands in the lining of the stomach continue the further chemical.
A chemical digestion for treatment of low level combustible nuclear solid waste material is provided and comprises reacting the solid waste material.
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