Help ease plight of brain injured child
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THE family of four-year-old Alexander Purdy are desperate to raise 3,000 for special equipment to help improve his life after surviving meningitis.
Alexander, of Provis Mead, Chippenham, needs a special medical standing frame in order to assist his digestive system and improve his bone structure.
He contracted pneumococcal meningitis when he was two and the condition left him with severe brain damage and wheelchair bound.
He also suffers from a severe form of epilepsy resulting in a high number of seizures.
After being in hospital for several months and living in a rehabilitation unit in Surrey for more than a year, Alexander was finally allowed home last year.
He is now a pupil at St Nicholas School, which is backing the campaign to find the funds to pay for the equipment.
His mother Louise said: "He is so brave and has done so well at the school and this equipment will help him even more.
"The teachers have really gone the extra mile to help him and this has been proven again by their backing our appeal.
"The staff are such special people and they made the transition painless for me and Alexander. It has been hard because Alexander was born a healthy baby - but he is such a determined little boy.
"This equipment would really change his life and make it that little better."
As well as using his wheelchair throughout the day, Alexander is regularly hoisted up so he can interact with his friends.
He enjoys bright lights, listening to music and playing with vibrating toys.
His appeal is also being backed by the Brave Hearts foundation that raises money for disabled children under the age of 16 in the area.
Charity member Ronald Bennett said: "Alexander has very little control over his physical movements and his vision has been affected along with a loss of communication.
"The frame will not only aid his digestion system, but also reduce the risk of fractures that can occur when a child has such little control over their body and improve his bladder and bowel function.
" I would urge anyone who can to support this campaign because you will be making a huge difference to such a brave little boy."
Anyone interested in making a donation, however small, to Alexander's appeal should contact Brave Hearts on 01264 394440 or log onto www.bravehearts.ik.com
4:02pm Thursday 17th January 2008 Print
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More on Digg
Department. Clinical often mouth to the duodenum said this section of upper digestive tract, said part of the jejunum following lower digestive tract. Digestive gland and a small digestive gland and the digestive gland two. Scattered small digestive gland lies within the digestive tract wall ministries, the digestive gland have three pairs of salivary glands (parotid, submandibular gland, sublingual gland), liver and pancreas.
First, oral
Oral oral cavity of the bone on the basis of oral form, I called the front cracked open, surrounded by the lower lip; rear to swallow Gap and pharyngeal traffic; on the wall (top) is a palate; wall is under the floor of mouth; called on both sides of the wall cheek. Oral the entire upper and lower dental arch (including alveolar, gums, and teeth) for separation before and after the two former Department of Oral called vestibular, the rear is inherent oral. Oral with teeth and tongue, and three pairs of salivary glands in the oral mucosal surface openings.
(1). Oral the wall
1. Anterior: lips and cheek for each other, are based on muscle, skin to the outside review, in the face of a rare oral mucosa.
2. Wall: buccal
Floor of the mouth: the hyoid muscles (mylohyoid muscle and chin Muscle) as a basis. At the end of the median line in the mouth with a tongue called mucosal folds of the zone, even in the face of lower gums and tongue Below between. With each of the sides of an uplift called sublingual mucosa Caruncle is the submandibular glands and sublingual gland duct openings.
4. Top wall: palate palate, including the hard palate (2 / 3) and the soft palate (after 1 / 3) in two parts. Back down below the soft palate posterior part of the fan called the palate. After the soft palate there is a margin of the Central nipple-like processes called uvula (Chui palate). Uvula two sides have arcuate plica, called in front of the tongue arch palate, tongue extended to the side edge; rear palatopharyngeal arch called the downward extension to the pharyngeal wall. Au between the two arch Waterloo to accommodate palatine tonsil. Soft palate edge on both sides of the tongue arch palate, tongue palatopharyngeal arch and surrounded common space called pharyngeal Gap.
(2). Teeth
Dental teeth, dentes is the most rigid body structure, arcuate was arranged under the arch and arch.
1. Segments: the crown, root, dental neck three parts.
2. Components: a mainly by the dentin, and enamel, cementum and pulp. Bright crown outside the hard enamel, cementum surface of the root. Teeth internal cavity called toothless or marrow cavity, the internal root canal, the root of the root is the end of the hole hole. Dental nerves, blood vessels and connective tissue composed of common dental pulp.
3. Periodontal tissue include: bone, periodontal ligament and gingival three parts. Alveolar bone around the root of the alveolar bone. PDL is between teeth and bone connective tissue between the dense, fixed root, and chewing can ease the pressure. Gingival is close alveolar outside the oral mucosa, rich in blood vessels, the free edge of the teeth neck.
4. Teeth and the type of arrangement: a deciduous teeth that can be divided into incisors, canines and molars three categories. The second set of permanent teeth that can be divided into incisors, canines, premolars and molars four. A total of 20 primary teeth, and, around the mandibular 5. A total of 32 permanent teeth, and, around the mandibular 8.
5. Teeth, the shape of: the incisor crown was flat chisel-shaped; canine crown of a cone; premolar of a cubic crown, the occlusal surface of a 2-3 nodules, above all teeth have a root; molar crown large, as well as cubic, occlusal surface with a 4-5 nodules mandibular molar there are two or three root, root maxillary molar has three.
(3). Tongue
1. Tongue tongue morphology: divided into upper and lower sides. Tongue above shouted back, the tongue forward, opening up the back of a V groove-called sector trenches, will be divided into tongue before 2 / 3 of the Tongue and after 1 / 3 of the tongue. Tongue is the front of our tongue, the tongue base to the oropharynx. Tongue below the median line of mucosal folds of that tongue with.
2. Tongue mucosa: tongue mucosa back on the tongue of many small processes called papilla, in accordance with its form can be divided into four categories:
The biggest, about 7-11, arranged in circles in front of the ditch, the top special nipple enlargement, discoid Chengyuan, around the ring groove around. Contour nipple, the nipple-shaped bacteria, leafy nipple and soft palate, epiglottis and other places in the mucosal epithelium taste receptors that taste buds. Tongue base mucosal lymphoid tissue containing many of the uplift is a lingual tonsil.
3. Tongue: tongue can be divided into intrinsic muscles and tongue tongue muscle the second category. Tongue muscles in the tongue, beginning and ending by the upper and lower vertical, longitudinal and after such as giving different directions around the muscle fiber composition beam, and interwoven, the contraction could change the shape of the tongue. Tongue refers to a muscle in the tongue, the tongue muscles stop, including:
Parotid parotid gland: the largest, slightly triangular wedge at the bottom of the external auditory canal before, and reach the zygomatic arch and down to the mandibular angle, the former masseter muscle to the rear of the surface, the rear special gland hypertrophy and go to the mandible in Waterloo. From a gland in the front of the parotid gland in the zygomatic arch refers to the bottom of a horizontal surface before the masseter trip through the cheek muscle in the opening of the maxillary second premolar relative buccal mucosa of the parotid gland of the nipple.
Submandibular gland submandibular gland: slightly oval in submandibular Triangle, the fate of the mandible and the muscles before and after between. Submandibular gland in the opening sublingual Fu.
Sublingual gland sublingual gland: slender and slightly flat. I at the end of the deep surface of sublingual nailfold. And the convergence of the submandibular glands or in a separate opening sublingual Caruncle, small openings in the sublingual Nailfold surface.
I was sublingual caruncle.
Second, pharynx
Pharyngeal
Chen Shui-bian s muscular funnel-shaped tube, attached to the top of the skull base, the bottom-cricoid cartilage arch (No. 6 cervical cone to the plane) continued in the esophagus, is about 12 cm. Posterior wall formation, anterior incomplete, and nasal, oral cavity and larynx same. Divided into the nasopharynx, oropharynx and hypopharynx.
(1) nasopharyngeal
Nasopharyngeal between the skull base and soft palate between the top of the posterior submucous is rich in lymphoid tissue, said pharyngeal tonsils. In the lateral wall of the nasopharynx from the inferior turbinate back after about a CM, I have the eustachian tube pharynx, the nasopharynx to the mouth of Ergu this room. Children of the eustachian tube and shorter width. Pharyngeal opening of the eustachian tube before, the rear of uplift that the eustachian tube round pillow. Eustachian tube with a round pillow rear posterior pharyngeal between a depression, said pharyngeal recess, nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a good site.
(B) oropharyngeal
Between the soft palate and epiglottis on the plane between. There is a rear base of tongue mucosal folds associated with the epiglottis, said tongue epiglottis Nailfold center, on both sides of the Depression Nailfold said epiglottis Valley, foreign bodies can stay here. Nailfold with oropharyngeal side palatine tonsil. Palatine tonsil tonsillar fossa is not in the room said on tonsil Waterloo, foreign bodies often stay here. Retropharyngeal lymph node ring from the top of the pharynx after pharyngeal tonsils, the eustachian tube on both sides of the tonsil, and the former palatine tonsil bottom of the lingual tonsil surrounded.
(C) hypopharyngeal
Epiglottis on the margin between the cricoid cartilage with the plane between the esophagus and with continued downward. In the throat and on both sides of the thyroid cartilage between the inner surface of mucosa subsidence formed piriform recess is often easy to stay foreign body parts.
(D) pharyngeal muscle
Pharyngeal muscles shrink from pharyngeal muscle and pharyngeal muscle composition. Pharyngeal muscle shrinkage, including the pharynx, pharynx, Yanxia muscle shrinkage. Pharyngeal muscle shrinkage in the pharyngeal muscles in the deep.
Third, esophagus
Esophageal esophagus is a muscular before and after flattening the tube, in front of spine, upper cervical under section 6 in the plane (cricoid cartilage) and the pharyngeal phase continued, continued in the bottom of the gastric cardia, is about 25 cm. Depending on itinerary can be divided into the neck, chest and abdomen three paragraphs. Esophageal a full three more narrow: a narrow esophagus and pharynx in the connection, in incisors from about 15 centimeters in the second esophageal stenosis and left bronchial cross, or sternum plane angle from the central incisor about 25 cm; third to narrow hole through the diaphragm, esophagus, 37-40 cm from the incisor.
Esophageal typical four-storey structure with digestive tract from the mucosa, submucosa membrane, the outer membrane and membrane components.
4, stomach
Gastric stomach digestive tract is part of the expansion. Mostly in the upper left abdominal quarter rib area. Esophagus and the top of the entrance is continued Cardia, connecting the bottom of the duodenum called Helicobacter pylori exports. On the top right margin of concave stomach is the lesser curvature, convex to the bottom left edge of the stomach called bending, cardiac plane to the upper left protruding above the part called fundoplication, near the pyloric called pyloric part of the Department of the Ministry of gastric and pyloric part of the call.
By gastric mucosa, submucosa film, a four sarcolemma and serosa.
5, small intestine
SMA
Starting from the top of Helicobacter pylori, in the bottom of the right iliac fossa with colorectal after another, they can be divided into the duodenum, jejunum and ileum in three parts.
Duodenal duodenum on porting from Helicobacter pylori, in the bottom of the left lumbar No. 2, continued in the jejunum, about 25-30 cm, was enveloping the horseshoe-shaped head of pancreas can be divided into upper, lower, or down and the Department of the Ministry of . Duodenum drop after the Ministry of the medial wall of the common bile duct and pancreatic common openings.
Jejunum and ileum jejunum jejunum about the length of 2 / 5, mainly occupy the top-left of peritoneal cavity.
Ileum distal ileum of the 3 / 5, generally located in the lower right of the peritoneal cavity.
From the small intestine mucosa, submucosa film, a four sarcolemma and serosa. There are many jejunal mucosa of the ring plica villi, greatly expanded the mucosal surface area is conducive to nutrient digestion and absorption.
6. Colorectal
Colorectal large intestine digestive tract is the last section, about 1.5 metres, started in the right iliac fossa, and finally anus can be divided into the cecum, colon and rectum three paragraphs.
Cecal cecum is the beginning of the large intestine, in the right iliac fossa, left to the ileum, on-ascending colon. Cecal wall in the extended a slender after the appendectomy vermiform appendix, its free end, the general 6-8 cm long, the same inner cavity and cecum.
Colon colon around in the air around the ileum can be divided into ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon four parts. Ascending colon is the continuation of the upward part of the caecum, left to right lobe of the liver bending beneath a transverse colon. Left transverse colon to the lower part of the spleen, folded down to a section of the left iliac crest called descending colon. Plane left iliac crest in the following section of the colon and small Fuxia Department pelvic cavity, bending intestine, called the sigmoid colon, in paragraph 3 sacral vertebral plane continued in the rectum.
Colon characteristics: with colon, colonic pouch, intestinal that Chui.
In the rectal pelvic r ECT
Rectum that there are two curved-sacral music and perineum. Rectal the upper cavity rectal ampulla said, there are three rectal cavity transverse nailfold. Rectum in the basin below the diaphragm section called anal anal canal, approximately 3-4 cm. Anal cavity column, anal flap, anal sinus, dentate line, anal comb, white lines.
Anal sphincter and the anal sphincter in the external anal sphincter and rectum two longitudinal muscle and anal muscle formation anorectal ring.
7, the liver
Liver liver is the largest gland in the body, adult liver, weighing about 1.5 kg. In the right quarter of the ribs and upper abdomen.
Liver above Penglong, to the diaphragm, the sickle-shaped ligament is divided into left and right two leaves, the right lobe of large and thick, thin and left YE Xiao. Below towards the bottom left of the liver, called dirty face, dirty face one of the central transverse fissure called hepatic portal, hepatic duct, the hepatic artery and portal vein, and nerve lymphatic hepatic portal access.
Extrahepatic biliary including liver left and the right, liver mains, cystic duct, the gallbladder and biliary Department.
8, pancreas
Human pancreatic pancreas is the second largest gland, in the first and second lumbar across the front can be divided into head, body, tail 3. From the Department of pancreatic exocrine and endocrine Division composed of two parts, the Ministry of exocrine secretion of pancreatic juice gland cells, the levels catheter into the pancreatic duct and pancreatic duct and the common bile duct openings in the duodenum. Department of endocrine secretion that is scattered between the Department of Cell - islet, which the secretion of hormones directly into the blood
Related: Help ease plight of brain injured child
Additional information:
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