Medicine at our doorsteps: Chola Bengal Gram

Jamayet Ali

Chola (Bengal Gram) is an erect or spreading much-branched annual herb with small compound leaves, small pea-like small flowers and small pods enclosing angular brown seeds cultivated as a pulse in many districts of Bangladesh. It is also largely cultivated in most parts of India and most probably in some parts of S.E Europe. It is a multipurpose crop and is used in more diverse food preparations than any other pulse. Almost all parts of the plants are used. It is chiefly used for human consumption as an adjunct to starchy diet. It is mainly used as pulse, but the manner of use varies with seed type and between regions. Seeds are used in almost all forms, starting from fresh greens to dried split grains and flour. Fresh seeds are well liked in most countries that cultivate gram. Often uprooted plants with pods containing green seeds, sold in the market, are eaten raw and relished as a snack. The fresh seeds are also eaten in soups, curries and rice dishes. Parched fresh seeds are also eaten. Ripe seeds are mostly eaten in curries, roasted or parched. Deshi types are generally used for making dal and besan. Kabuli and greenseeded varieties are utilised in soups, curries and stews. Roasting and parching imparts a desirable flavour, modifies taste and also destroys some anti-nutritional factors.

Botanical name of Bengal Gram is Cicer arietinum Linn. Gram is an important source of dietary proteins, B-group vitamins and certain minerals extensively used as a protein adjunct to starchy diet. Several fermented, deep-fried, sweetened and puffed gram products are popular in Asia. It can be used to prepare a composite flour and high protein feeds of improved nutritional quality. The nutritive value of seeds harvested at 28 to 35 days of maturity is superior to that of fully matured seeds. Germinated gram is recommended as a prophylactic against deficiency diseases, particularly scurvy. Gram meal or flour or besan is prepared by milling or grinding gram pulse or dhai. Proximate chemical composition of gram meal is as follows: moisture, 10.93; protein, 22.68; fat, 4.90; fibre, 2.09; and ash, 2.05%. The average amino acid composition of the meal is as follows: alanine, 1.91; arginine, 1.01; aspartic acid, 2.36; glycine, 1.33; glutamic acid, 3.00; histidine, 1.21; isoleucine, 2.88; leucine, 3.79; lysine, 2.88; methionine, 0.20; phenylalanine, 1.33; praline, 7.58; threonine, 2.50; tryptophan, 0.02; tyrosine, 0.80; and valine, 2.78%. The meal proteins are deficient in serine and cystine and contains smaller amounts of methionine, tryptophan and tyrosine (Tawda & Cama, J sci industry Res, 1962, 21 C, 238). Gram contains some anti-nutritional constituents too. The activity of these constituent can be reduced or destroyed by heating, fermentation or germination of the seed. They are mainly carbohydrates and cause delay in digestion or incomplete digestion of protein. These constituents are mainly stachyose and manninotriose; presence of both these sugars is reported to be one of the major constraints in the full utilization of gram as human food. Other anti-nutritional factors in gram are protease inhibitors, flatulence-causing oligosaccharides (rafmose, stachyose and verbascose), phenolic compounds, amylase inhibitor, phytohaemagglutinin (Jectins), saponins, etc. and mycotoxins. (Wealth ofIndia, Raw Materials, Vol

Medicine: In medicine the seeds are considered antibilious. The chief interest medicinally is, however, in the acid liquid obtained by collecting the dew-drops from the leaves. The fact that the drops of dew are thus chemically changed through contact with a living plant is a point of great botanical interest not at present fully understood. The liquid is found chemically to contain oxalic, acetic, and malic acids. This vinegar is mentioned by the old Sanskrit writers as a useful astringent, which might with advantage be given in dyspepsia, indigestion, and costiveness.

The boiled leaves are applied as a poultice to sprains and dislocated limbs. The fresh juice of the leaves mixed with crude carbonate of potash is administered with success in dyspepsia. The acid liquid is employed as a refrigerant in fever. It is much used in the Deccan in the treatment of dysmenorrhoea; the fresh plant is put into hot water and the patient sits over the steam. Dr. Walker observes that this is another way of steaming with vinegar. (Pharm. Ind.) "The free use of the vegetable, owing to the abundance oxalic acid, is apt to do harm to persons liable to calculus, as it leads to the formation of oxalate of lime in the bladder." (Drury, U. PI.) It is said "to increase the secretion of the bile; also, when roasted like coffee, is considered aphrodisiac; also used in cases of flatulency, and in retention of urine and cutamenia. It serves as a substitute for coffee." (Baden Powell, Pb. Prod.)

Special opinions : "The liquid obtained from macerating the seeds in water is used as a tonic among he natives" (Assistant Surgeon Nil Rutton Banerji, Etawah). "Is used to allay vomiting" (Surgeon-Major D.R. Thomson, Madras). "Cold infusion of chhola is also considered to be antibilious" (Surgeon Anund Chunder Mukerji, Noakhally). "The vinegar (Chana-amba, Born) - that sold in the bazaars is generally dilute sulphuric acid coloured with sugar" (Surgeon-Major W. Dymock, Bombay). "It is used with the tender leaves of nim in cases of leprosy. The water in which it has been macerated is used as a remedy for biliousness" (Brigade Surgeon J.H. Thornton, B.A., M.B., Monghir). "The vinegar, which is known here as chana khar, is used for enlarged spleen". (Surgeon Major J. Robb, Ahmedabad). "In bronchial catarrh, the seeds, eaten in a parched condition at night, followed by a cup of warm milk, give great relief' (Surgeon-Major A.S.G. Joyakar, Muskat, Arabia). "It is believed that the plant exhales acid vapour which is absorbed by the dew. It is also collected by spreading muslin cloth on the plants overnight, and wringing out the moisture from it early in the morning. The acid solution thus obtained is useful in vomiting and dyspepsia" (Native Surgeon T. Ruthnam Moodelliar, Chingleput, Madras Presidency). "The dewdrops are used to check nausea and vomiting successfully: also in cholera" (Surgeon-Major JJ.L. Ratton, Salem). "It is believed to have alterative properties" (Aligarh) (Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, Watt, Vol. II, 282-84).

Medicinal Properties: The leaves are sour; astringent to the bowels; improve taste and appetite; cure bronchitis; cause flatulence. The unripe seed is stimulant, tonic, aphrodisiac; cures thrust and burning. The seed is sweet, refrigerant dry; appetizer; tonic, anthelmintic; causes flatulence; useful in leprosy, bronchitis; cures skin diseases, blood troubles, ozoena, throat complaints, biliousness. The acid exudation is astringent and useful in dyspepsia and constipation (Ayurveda).

The leaves are purgative, abortifacient; tonic to the hair; useful in cold pains; cause flatulence. The seed is sweet when raw; indigestible, aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, tonic; good for diseases and enlargement of the lever and spleen, for complaints of the chest, throat troubles, foul mouth, and fever; enriches the blood; cures skin diseases, inflammations more especially of the ear (Yunani).

The fresh plant put into hot water is used in the Deccan in the treatment of dysmenorrhoea; the patient is made to sit over the steam. The acid exudation "vinegar" is considered a useful astringent. In Gujrat it is used as an antidote to snake venom. In Europe the seeds are used as a diuretic and as an anthelmintic.

In some parts an infusion is given to allay the pain due to urinary calculi. The acid exudation is useless in the treatment of snake-bite whether given internally or applied externally (Mhaskar and Caias). The bristles of the chick-pea contain free oxalic acid.

The proteins of Bengal Gram have been isolated and analysed by Nuggihalli Narayana (Journ. Ind. Inst. Sc.; 13, 1930) (Indian Medicinal Plants, K.R. Kirtikar & B.D. Basu, Vol. I, 768-69)

Properties and uses: Seed and its lipid are hypocholesterolemic in human and possess oestrogenic activity. Aerial parts are used in fevers, dysmenorrhoea, gonorrhoea and menstrual and urinary diseases. They are also useful in skin diseases and foul body smell.

Seeds are astringent, antibilious and tonic, and used in dysentery and flatulence. Boiled leaves are applied to sprains and dislocated limbs; roasted leaves are regarded as aphrodisiac, and diuretic. Total flavonoids reduced rat serum and liver cholesterol, triglycerides. When given orally prevented hyperlipidemia (Medicinal plants of Bangladesh, Second Edition, Abdul Ghani, 163-64).

Criteria: the possibility of using synthetic organic inorganics, dependent on whether organic compounds in the environment to maintain normal life activities.

Self-support type: directly from the external environment uptake inorganics, through photosynthesis and chemosynthesis, inorganics into manufacturing complex organic material, and stored energy to maintain their own lives and activities, such metabolic types of self-support type.

Bio-energy self-support: such as cyanobacteria, Chlamydomonas, water and various plants such as cotton.

Can be self-supporting type of biological: the ability to use the environment in vitro oxidation of certain minerals by the release of energy to produce organic compounds. If nitrifying bacteria (NH3 for the oxidation of NO3-nitrification, organic synthesis using CO2 as chemosynthesis).

Heterotrophic type: the external environment can only rely on the uptake of off-the-shelf organic to maintain their own lives, belong to this type of heterotrophic metabolic type.

Criteria: Can aerobic and anaerobic conditions to survive.

Aerobic type: the need to live in an environment adequate oxygen, also called type of aerobic respiration.

Anaerobic type: anaerobic conditions, the body can oxidation of organic matter, thereby attain their own lives and activities need energy. In aerobic conditions, growth inhibition, also known as anaerobic respiration type. Mainly lactic acid bacteria, roundworm, tetanus bacilli such as methane bacilli.

Facultative anaerobic type: under aerobic conditions will be broken down into sugars carbon dioxide and water in anaerobic conditions, carbon dioxide will be broken down into sugars and alcohol. Such as: yeast.

(3) enzyme and ATP

A. enzyme concentration: in the substrate enough, other conditions fixed under the conditions of reaction system does not contain substances inhibited the activity of enzymes and other negative factors play a role, and the enzymatic reaction rate is proportional to the concentration of enzyme.

B. reaction concentration: in a certain concentration of the reaction within the framework of the catalytic reaction with the rate of increase in the concentration of accelerated up to a certain concentration because of the limited number of (all have participated in the enzyme reaction), did not change significantly .

C. Temperature: in a certain temperature range, the catalytic efficiency of the temperature rise more quickly. Most of the activity, the highest temperature catalytic efficiency of the enzymes optimum temperature. More than the optimum temperature, the catalytic efficiency of the temperature rise slowed down. Low-temperature inhibit the enzyme activity, but they will not lose their enzyme activity, high temperature enzyme (protein) degeneration and loss of activity.

D. Ph: with the temperature of the enzyme activity of the basic, Piansuan partial base will make enzyme (protein) degeneration and loss of activity

ATP and ADP transformation between: (material is reversible, energy is not reversible; different enzyme)

A.ATP the formation of ways:

Greens: photosynthesis (light reaction phase); respiration (including aerobic and anaerobic respiration breathing)

Animals and humans: respiration (including aerobic and anaerobic respiration breathing)

B.ATP hydrolysis: adenosine away from the high-energy phosphate bond breaking, the release of energy directly for various life activities (eg: cell division, the quality of ore root absorption, muscle contraction, transmission of nerve stimulation, etc.).

This is a biochemical content for the Internet is not too good, so I wrote to you.

I do not understand can find.

Glucose through glycolysis can generate acid, and then into endometrial mitochondrial acetyl coenzyme A, which entered Sansuosuanxunhuan. Sansuosuanxunhuan which both glycolysis and produced net ATP, but also produce hydrogen. Hydrogen entering endometrial mitochondrial electron transport chain have more energy.

The pyruvate can be changed to different sugar glucose.

Hydrolysis of lipids and fatty acids from triglycerides. Glycerol can enter glycolysis, and then take sugar glucose into different ways of Health. But only a fatty acid acetyl coenzyme A, then Sansuosuanxunhuan capacity, so that fat can not be completely transformed into sugar.

Health sugar and amino acids into ketone Health, and they can be transformed into Sansuosuanxunhuan intermediate product, and then take different health or Sansuosuanxunhuan sugar.

Whirring and fighting so much, you do not know not satisfied with

Between the three types of nutrients into the extent of not identical, first, the number of different transformation, such as the large number of carbohydrates can be converted into fat, and fat is not large sugar into the second is the transformation of ingredients there is a restriction, If not converted into sugars essential amino acids; not change the amino acid lipid.

2 generally maintain normal blood sugar levels in the 80-100 mg / dL of blood sugar levels higher than 160 mg / dL, they will have diabetes; lowering blood glucose (50-60 mg / dL), hypoglycemia symptoms, less than 45 mg / dL, Advanced symptoms of hypoglycemia; more dynamic so that less food intake substances (such as sugar) will lead to excessive fat.

Digest: starch digested by the broken down into glucose, fat digestion into glycerol and fatty acids, protein in the digestive tract, are broken down into amino acids

3 absorption and transport: glucose absorption by the intestinal epithelial cells (active transport), the systemic blood circulation to the entire transport. In the form of glycerol and fatty acids and absorbed most of the fat again, with the blood circulation to tissues and organs in the body. In the form of the amino acid absorption, transport with the blood circulation to the entire body.

Carbohydrates should be no N elements into amino acids and form a protein, must be N elements can be formed by amino conversion. Translated into proteins to carbohydrates, lipids to remove N elements, by delinking amino role.

Salivary amylase saliva containing starch digestion; gastric juice containing pepsin digestion of protein; pancreatic juice containing pancreatic amylase, trypsin Maltase, pancreatic lipase, pepsin (digestion of starch, maltose, fat and protein); intestinal fluid containing intestinal amylase, intestinal maltose , intestinal lipase (digestion of starch, maltose, fat, protein).

4 gastric absorption: a small amount of water and salts; colonic absorption: a small amount of water and salts and vitamins; intestinal absorption: all of the above plus glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol; stomach and large intestine can absorb is: water and inorganic salt; intestinal epithelial cells forming processes intestine villi, small intestine villi towards lumen side of the membrane processes that have many small microvilli microvilli expanded absorption area is conducive to nutrient absorption.

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